Hacking i3: How To
==================
Michael Stapelberg <michael@i3wm.org>
February 2013

This document is intended to be the first thing you read before looking and/or
touching i3’s source code. It should contain all important information to help
you understand why things are like they are. If it does not mention something
you find necessary, please do not hesitate to contact me.

++++
<div style="background-color:red; color:white; padding:20px;">
<strong style="color:white;">WARNING!</strong>
<p>
++++
This document is not 100% up to date. Specifically, everything up to and
including <<startup>> has been updated recently. The rest might contain
outdated information.
++++
</p>
</div>
++++

== Building i3

You can build i3 like you build any other software package which uses
https://mesonbuild.com/[The Meson Build system]; see
https://mesonbuild.com/Quick-guide.html#compiling-a-meson-project[Quickstart
Guide → Compiling a Meson project]. In case you’re unfamiliar:

    $ mkdir -p build && cd build
    $ meson ..
    $ ninja

=== Build system features

* +ninja test+ runs the i3 testsuite. See docs/testsuite for details.

* +meson dist+ builds a release tarball and runs tests on the result.

* +meson -Ddocs=true -Dmans=true+ will enable the options to build docs and
  manpages. These options require additional dependencies that are normally not
  required for users who just want to build i3.

* +meson -Db_sanitize=address+ will enable the address sanitizer which is
  disabled by default. A summary of memory leaks will be printed on program
  exit. This can include false-positives. For other options of the +b_sanitize+
  flag see https://mesonbuild.com/Builtin-options.html.

== Pull requests

Please talk to us before working on new features to see whether they will be
accepted. A good way for this is to open an issue and asking for opinions on it.
Even for accepted features, this can be a good way to refine an idea upfront.
However, we don't want to see certain features in i3, e.g., switching window
focus in an Alt+Tab like way.

When working on bugfixes, please make sure you mention that you are working on it
in the corresponding bug report at https://github.com/i3/i3/issues. In case there
is no bug report yet, please create one.

After you are done, please submit your work for review as a pull request at
https://github.com/i3/i3. In order to make your review go as fast as possible,
you could have a look at previous reviews and see what the common mistakes are.

=== Which branch to use?

Work on i3 generally happens in two branches: “next” (default) and “stable”.

The contents of “stable” are always stable. That is, it contains the source code
of the latest release, plus any bugfixes that were applied since that release.

New features are only found in the “next” branch. Always use this branch when
writing new code (both bugfixes and features).

== Window Managers

A window manager is not necessarily needed to run X, but it is usually used in
combination with X to facilitate some things. The window manager's job is to
take care of the placement of windows, to provide the user with some mechanisms
to change the position/size of windows and to communicate with clients to a
certain extent (for example handle fullscreen requests of clients such as
MPlayer).

There are no different contexts in which X11 clients run, so a window manager
is just another client, like all other X11 applications. However, it handles
some events which normal clients usually don’t handle.

In the case of i3, the tasks (and order of them) are the following:

. Grab the key bindings (events will be sent upon keypress/keyrelease)
. Iterate through all existing windows (if the window manager is not started as
  the first client of X) and manage them (reparent them, create window
  decorations, etc.)
. When new windows are created, manage them
. Handle the client’s +_WM_STATE+ property, but only +_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN+ and
  +_NET_WM_STATE_DEMANDS_ATTENTION+
. Handle the client’s +WM_NAME+ property
. Handle the client’s size hints to display them proportionally
. Handle the client’s urgency hint
. Handle enter notifications (focus follows mouse)
. Handle button (as in mouse buttons) presses for focus/raise on click
. Handle expose events to re-draw own windows such as decorations
. React to the user’s commands: Change focus, Move windows, Switch workspaces,
  Change the layout mode of a container (default/stacking/tabbed), start a new
  application, restart the window manager

In the following chapters, each of these tasks and their implementation details
will be discussed.

=== Tiling window managers

Traditionally, there are two approaches to managing windows: The most common one
nowadays is stacking (or floating, using i3's terminology), which means the user
can freely move/resize the windows, potentially overlapping them. The other
approach is called tiling, which means that the window manager distributes
windows to use as much space as possible while not overlapping each other.

The idea behind tiling is that you should not need to waste your time
moving/resizing windows while you usually want to get some work done. After
all, most users sooner or later tend to lay out their windows in a way which
corresponds to tiling or stacking mode in i3. Therefore, why not let i3 do this
for you? Certainly, it’s faster than you could ever do it.

The problem with most tiling window managers is that they are too inflexible.
In my opinion, a window manager is just another tool, and similar to vim which
can edit all kinds of text files (like source code, HTML, …) and is not limited
to a specific file type, a window manager should not limit itself to a certain
layout (like dwm, awesome, …) but provide mechanisms for you to easily create
the layout you need at the moment.

=== The layout tree

The data structure which i3 uses to keep track of your windows is a tree. Every
node in the tree is a container (type +Con+). Some containers represent actual
windows (every container with a +window != NULL+), some represent split
containers and a few have special purposes: they represent workspaces, outputs
(like VGA1, LVDS1, …) or the X11 root window.

So, when you open a terminal and immediately open another one, they reside in
the same split container, which uses the default layout. In case of an empty
workspace, the split container we are talking about is the workspace.

To get an impression of how different layouts are represented, just play around
and look at the data structures -- they are exposed as a JSON hash. See
https://i3wm.org/docs/ipc.html#_tree_reply for documentation on that and an
example.

== Files

i3's source code is in the +src+ folder while header files reside in +include+.
Other tools such as i3bar and i3-nagbar have their own folders. i3 and its tools
share an internal library called ``libi3'' which also has its own folder.

The following list gives an overview of the codebase, explaining the
functionality of the most important, core source code files. Other files in the
tree that are not mentioned here implement specific functionalities: for example,
+src/scratchpad.c+ is obviously about the scratchpad functionality.

include/data.h::
Contains data definitions used by nearly all files.

include/*.h::
Contains forward definitions for all public functions, as well as
doxygen-compatible comments (so if you want to get a bit more of the big
picture, either browse all header files or use doxygen if you prefer that).

src/config_directives.c::
src/commands.c::
Contain the definitions for all high-level config and command directives. These
are excellent places to start with a top-to-bottom approach to understand
specific i3 behavior. For example, if you want to investigate a bug that happens
for the +move to mark+ command, you can use gdb to pause in
+cmd_move_con_to_mark+ and then work your way from there, stepping into
lower-level functions.

src/con.c::
Contains all functions which deal with containers directly (creating containers,
searching containers, getting specific properties from containers, …). Contains
abstractions and auxiliary functions necessary to work with the container
structure which is used in almost all parts of the codebase.

src/tree.c::
Contains functions which deal with the tree abstraction. However, be aware that
+src/con.c+ also contains functions that heavily interact with the tree
structure. Some functions that are included in +str/tree.c+ are those that handle
opening and closing containers in the tree, finding the container that should be
focused next and flattening the tree. See also +src/move.c+ for other
move-specific functions that interact with the tree, which were moved into their
own file because they are so long.

src/workspace.c::
Contains functions which deal with workspaces. Includes code that creates new
workspaces, shows existing ones and deals with workspace assignments.

src/handlers.c::
Contains all handlers for all kinds of X events (new window title, new hints,
unmapping, key presses, button presses, …). This is a very important file to
understand how i3 interacts with changes to its environment.

src/command_parser.c::
src/config_parser.c::
Contain a hand-written parser to parse commands and configuration (commands are what
you bind on keys and what you can send to i3 using the IPC interface, like
+move left+ or +workspace 4+). +src/config.c+ is responsible for calling the
configuration parser.

src/click.c::
src/resize.c::
Contain functions which handle mouse button clicks (right mouse button
clicks initiate resizing and thus are relatively complex).

src/manage.c::
Looks at existing or new windows and decides whether to manage them. If so, it
reparents the window and inserts it into our data structures.

src/match.c::
A "match" is a data structure which acts like a mask or expression to match
certain windows or not. For example, when using commands, you can specify a
command like this: +[title="*Firefox*"] kill+. The title member of the match
data structure will then be filled and i3 will check each window using
+match_matches_window()+ to find the windows affected by this command.

src/randr.c::
The RandR API is used to get (and re-query) the configured outputs (monitors,
…). Legacy Xinerama support resides in +src/xinerama.c+.

src/render.c::
Renders the tree data structure by assigning coordinates to every node. These
values will later be pushed to X11 in +src/x.c+.

src/sighandler.c::
Handles +SIGSEGV+, +SIGABRT+ and +SIGFPE+ by showing a dialog that i3 crashed.
You can choose to let it dump core and restart i3 in-place (either trying to
preserve layout or forget about it).

src/window.c::
Handlers to update X11 window properties like +WM_CLASS+, +_NET_WM_NAME+,
+CLIENT_LEADER+, etc.

include/*.xmacro.*::
A file containing all X11 atoms which i3 uses. This file will be included
various times (for defining, requesting and receiving the atoms), each time
with a different definition of xmacro().

[[data_structures]]
== Data structures

See +include/data.h+ for documented data structures. The most important ones are
explained here.

The following picture is generated by the +contrib/dump-asy.pl+ script.

image:bigpicture.png["The Big Picture",width=1000,link="bigpicture.png"]

The hierarchy is:

. *Root container*
. *Output containers*: +eDP-1+ in this example and the internal +__i3++ output
. *Content and 2 dockarea containers*
. *Workspaces*: Numbered workspace ``1'' and a ``Named workspace''
. *Split containers*: One horizontal in the first workspace and a tabbed one in
  the named one.
. *Leaf containers*: Windows like vim and an i3bar dock.

The data type is +Con+, in all cases.

=== Root container

The root container (global variable +croot+) is the up-most ascendant of every i3
container. It can be used to iterate over the whole tree structure. E.g., it is
used to reply to the +GET_WORKSPACES+ request, iterating over it's children to
find all workspaces. This is different from the X11 root window.

The X11 root window (global variable +root+) is a single window per X11 display
(a display is identified by +:0+ or +:1+ etc.). The root window is what you draw
your background image on. It spans all the available outputs, e.g. +VGA1+ is a
specific part of the root window and +LVDS1+ is a specific part of the root
window.

=== Output container

Every active output obtained through RandR is represented by one output
container. Outputs are considered active when a mode is configured (meaning
something is actually displayed on the output) and the output is not a clone.

For example, if your notebook has a screen resolution of 1280x800 px and you
connect a video projector with a resolution of 1024x768 px, set it up in clone
mode (+xrandr \--output VGA1 \--mode 1024x768 \--same-as LVDS1+), i3 will
reduce the resolution to the lowest common resolution and disable one of the
cloned outputs afterwards.

However, if you configure it using +xrandr \--output VGA1 \--mode 1024x768
\--right-of LVDS1+, i3 will set both outputs active. For each output, a new
workspace will be assigned. New workspaces are created on the output you are
currently on.

=== Content container

Each output has multiple children. Two of them are dock containers which hold
the top and bottom dock clients. The other one is the content container, which
holds the actual content (workspaces) of this output.

=== Workspace

A workspace is identified by its name. Basically, you could think of
workspaces as different desks in your office, if you like the desktop
metaphor. They just contain different sets of windows and are completely
separate of each other. Other window managers also call this ``Virtual
desktops''.

=== Split container

A split container is a container which holds an arbitrary amount of split
containers or X11 window containers. It has an orientation (horizontal or
vertical) and a layout.

Split containers (and X11 window containers, which are a subtype of split
containers) can have different border styles.

=== Leaf containers

A leaf container holds exactly one X11 window. They can't have any children.

== List/queue macros

i3 makes heavy use of the list macros defined in BSD operating systems. To
ensure that the operating system on which i3 is compiled has all the expected
features, i3 comes with +include/queue.h+. On BSD systems, you can use +man
queue(3)+. On Linux, you have to use google (or read the source).

The lists used are +SLIST+ (single linked lists), +CIRCLEQ+ (circular queues)
and +TAILQ+ (tail queues). Usually, +TAILQ+ is used which allows inserting
elements at arbitrary positions or at the end of the list. If only forward
traversal is necessary, an +SLIST+ can be used. +CIRCLEQ+ is used just to
manage the X11 state of each window.

[[startup]]
== Startup (src/main.c, main())

Among other things, the main() function does the following:

 * Establish the xcb connection
 * Load the i3 config
 * Check for XKB extension on the separate X connection, load Xcursor
 * Set up EWMH hints
 * Grab the keycodes for which bindings exist
 * Check for XRandR screens
 * Manage all existing windows
 * Exec configured startup processes
 * Start i3bar if configured
 * Enter the event loop

== Keybindings

=== Grabbing the bindings

Grabbing the bindings is quite straight-forward. You pass X your combination of
modifiers and the keycode you want to grab and whether you want to grab them
actively or passively. Most bindings (everything except for bindings using
Mode_switch) are grabbed passively, that is, just the window manager gets the
event and cannot replay it.

We need to grab bindings that use Mode_switch actively because of a bug in X.
When the window manager receives the keypress/keyrelease event for an actively
grabbed keycode, it has to decide what to do with this event: It can either
replay it so that other applications get it or it can prevent other
applications from receiving it.

So, why do we need to grab keycodes actively? Because X does not set the
state-property of keypress/keyrelease events properly. The Mode_switch bit is
not set and we need to get it using XkbGetState. This means we cannot pass X
our combination of modifiers containing Mode_switch when grabbing the key and
therefore need to grab the keycode itself without any modifiers. This means,
if you bind Mode_switch + keycode 38 ("a"), i3 will grab keycode 38 ("a") and
check on each press of "a" if the Mode_switch bit is set using XKB. If yes, it
will handle the event, if not, it will replay the event.

=== Handling a keypress

As mentioned in "Grabbing the bindings", upon a keypress event, i3 first gets
the correct state.

Then, it looks through all bindings and gets the one which matches the received
event.

The bound command is parsed by the i3 parser, see +parse_command+ in
+src/commands_parser.c+.

== Manage windows (src/main.c, manage_window() and reparent_window())

+manage_window()+ does some checks to decide whether the window should be
managed at all:

 * Windows have to be mapped, that is, visible on screen
 * The override_redirect must not be set. Windows with override_redirect shall
   not be managed by a window manager

Afterwards, i3 gets the initial geometry and reparents the window (see
+reparent_window()+) if it wasn’t already managed.

Reparenting means that for each window which is reparented, a new window,
slightly larger than the original one, is created. The original window is then
reparented to the bigger one (called "frame").

After reparenting, the window type (+_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE+) is checked to see
whether this window is a dock (+_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK+), like dzen2 for
example. Docks are handled differently, they don’t have decorations and are not
assigned to a specific container. Instead, they are positioned at the bottom
or top of the screen (in the appropriate dock area containers). To get the
height which needs to be reserved for the window, the +_NET_WM_STRUT_PARTIAL+
property is used.

Furthermore, the list of assignments (to other workspaces, which may be on
other screens) is checked. If the window matches one of the user’s criteria,
it may either be put in floating mode or moved to a different workspace. If the
target workspace is not visible, the window will not be mapped.

== What happens when an application is started?

i3 does not care about applications. All it notices is when new windows are
mapped (see +src/handlers.c+, +handle_map_request()+). The window is then
reparented (see section "Manage windows").

After reparenting the window, +render_tree()+ is called which renders the
internal layout table. The new window has been placed in the currently focused
container and therefore the new window and the old windows (if any) need to be
moved/resized so that the currently active layout (default/stacking/tabbed mode)
is rendered correctly. To move/resize windows, a window is ``configured'' in
X11-speak.

Some applications, such as MPlayer obviously assume the window manager is
stupid and try to configure their windows by themselves. This generates an
event called configurerequest. i3 handles these events and tells the window the
size it had before the configurerequest (with the exception of not yet mapped
windows, which get configured like they want to, and floating windows, which
can reconfigure themselves).

== _NET_WM_STATE

Only the _NET_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN and _NET_WM_STATE_DEMANDS_ATTENTION atoms
are handled.

The former calls +toggle_fullscreen()+ for the specific client which just
configures the client to use the whole screen on which it currently is.
Also, it is set as fullscreen_client for the i3Screen.

The latter is used to set, read and display urgency hints.

== WM_NAME

When the WM_NAME property of a window changes, its decoration (containing the
title) is re-rendered. Note that WM_NAME is in COMPOUND_TEXT encoding which is
totally uncommon and cumbersome. Therefore, the _NET_WM_NAME atom will be used
if present.

== _NET_WM_NAME

Like WM_NAME, this atom contains the title of a window. However, _NET_WM_NAME
is encoded in UTF-8. i3 will recode it to UCS-2 in order to be able to pass it
to X. Using an appropriate font (ISO-10646), you can see most special
characters (every special character contained in your font).

== Size hints

Size hints specify the minimum/maximum size for a given window as well as its
aspect ratio.  This is important for clients like mplayer, who only set the
aspect ratio and resize their window to be as small as possible (but only with
some video outputs, for example in Xv, while when using x11, mplayer does the
necessary centering for itself).

So, when an aspect ratio was specified, i3 adjusts the height of the window
until the size maintains the correct aspect ratio. For the code to do this, see
src/layout.c, function resize_client().

== Rendering (src/layout.c, render_layout() and render_container())

Rendering in i3 version 4 is the step which assigns the correct sizes for
borders, decoration windows, child windows and the stacking order of all
windows. In a separate step (+x_push_changes()+), these changes are pushed to
X11.

Keep in mind that all these properties (+rect+, +window_rect+ and +deco_rect+)
are temporary, meaning they will be overwritten by calling +render_con+.
Persistent position/size information is kept in +geometry+.

The entry point for every rendering operation (except for the case of moving
floating windows around) currently is +tree_render()+ which will re-render
everything that’s necessary (for every output, only the currently displayed
workspace is rendered). This behavior is expected to change in the future,
since for a lot of updates, re-rendering everything is not actually necessary.
Focus was on getting it working correct, not getting it work very fast.

What +tree_render()+ actually does is calling +render_con()+ on the root
container and then pushing the changes to X11. The following sections talk
about the different rendering steps, in the order of "top of the tree" (root
container) to the bottom.

=== Rendering the root container

The i3 root container (+con->type == CT_ROOT+) represents the X11 root window.
It contains one child container for every output (like LVDS1, VGA1, …), which
is available on your computer.

Rendering the root will first render all tiling windows and then all floating
windows. This is necessary because a floating window can be positioned in such
a way that it is visible on two different outputs. Therefore, by first
rendering all the tiling windows (of all outputs), we make sure that floating
windows can never be obscured by tiling windows.

Essentially, though, this code path will just call +render_con()+ for every
output and +x_raise_con(); render_con()+ for every floating window.

In the special case of having a "global fullscreen" window (fullscreen mode
spanning all outputs), a shortcut is taken and +x_raise_con(); render_con()+ is
only called for the global fullscreen window.

=== Rendering an output

Output containers (+con->layout == L_OUTPUT+) represent a hardware output like
LVDS1, VGA1, etc. An output container has three children (at the moment): One
content container (having workspaces as children) and the top/bottom dock area
containers.

The rendering happens in the function +render_l_output()+ in the following
steps:

1. Find the content container (+con->type == CT_CON+)
2. Get the currently visible workspace (+con_get_fullscreen_con(content,
   CF_OUTPUT)+).
3. If there is a fullscreened window on that workspace, directly render it and
   return, thus ignoring the dock areas.
4. Sum up the space used by all the dock windows (they have a variable height
   only).
5. Set the workspace rects (x/y/width/height) based on the position of the
   output (stored in +con->rect+) and the usable space
   (+con->rect.{width,height}+ without the space used for dock windows).
6. Recursively raise and render the output’s child containers (meaning dock
   area containers and the content container).

=== Rendering a workspace or split container

From here on, there really is no difference anymore. All containers are of
+con->type == CT_CON+ (whether workspace or split container) and some of them
have a +con->window+, meaning they represent an actual window instead of a
split container.

==== Default layout

In default layout, containers are placed horizontally or vertically next to
each other (depending on the +con->orientation+).

==== Stacked layout

In stacked layout, only the focused window is actually shown (this is achieved
by calling +x_raise_con()+ in reverse focus order at the end of +render_con()+).

The available space for the focused window is the size of the container minus
the height of the window decoration for all windows inside this stacked
container.

If border style is "1pixel" or "none", no window decoration height will be
reserved (or displayed later on), unless there is more than one window inside
the stacked container.

==== Tabbed layout

Tabbed layout works precisely like stacked layout, but the window decoration
position/size is different: They are placed next to each other on a single line
(fixed height).

==== Dock area layout

This is a special case. Users cannot choose the dock area layout, but it will be
set for the dock area containers. In the dockarea layout (at the moment!),
windows will be placed above each other.

=== Rendering a window

A window’s size and position will be determined in the following way:

1. Subtract the border if border style is not "none" (but "normal" or "1pixel").
2. Subtract the X11 border, if the window has an X11 border > 0.
3. Obey the aspect ratio of the window (think MPlayer).
4. Obey the height- and width-increments of the window (think terminal emulator
   which can only be resized in one-line or one-character steps).

== Pushing updates to X11 / Drawing

A big problem with i3 before version 4 was that we just sent requests to X11
anywhere in the source code. This was bad because nobody could understand the
entirety of our interaction with X11, it lead to subtle bugs and a lot of edge
cases which we had to consider all over again.

Therefore, since version 4, we have a single file, +src/x.c+, which is
responsible for repeatedly transferring parts of our tree datastructure to X11.

+src/x.c+ consists of multiple parts:

1. The state pushing: +x_push_changes()+, which calls +x_push_node()+.
2. State modification functions: +x_con_init+, +x_reinit+,
   +x_reparent_child+, +x_move_win+, +x_con_kill+, +x_raise_con+, +x_set_name+
   and +x_set_warp_to+.
3. Expose event handling (drawing decorations): +x_deco_recurse()+ and
   +x_draw_decoration()+.

=== Pushing state to X11

In general, the function +x_push_changes+ should be called to push state
changes. Only when the scope of the state change is clearly defined (for
example only the title of a window) and its impact is known beforehand, one can
optimize this and call +x_push_node+ on the appropriate con directly.

+x_push_changes+ works in the following steps:

1. Clear the eventmask for all mapped windows. This leads to not getting
   useless ConfigureNotify or EnterNotify events which are caused by our
   requests. In general, we only want to handle user input.
2. Stack windows above each other, in reverse stack order (starting with the
   most obscured/bottom window). This is relevant for floating windows which
   can overlap each other, but also for tiling windows in stacked or tabbed
   containers. We also update the +_NET_CLIENT_LIST_STACKING+ hint which is
   necessary for tab drag and drop in Chromium.
3. +x_push_node+ will be called for the root container, recursively calling
   itself for the container’s children. This function actually pushes the
   state, see the next paragraph.
4. If the pointer needs to be warped to a different position (for example when
   changing focus to a different output), it will be warped now.
5. The eventmask is restored for all mapped windows.
6. Window decorations will be rendered by calling +x_deco_recurse+ on the root
   container, which then recursively calls itself for the children.
7. If the input focus needs to be changed (because the user focused a different
   window), it will be updated now.
8. +x_push_node_unmaps+ will be called for the root container. This function
   only pushes UnmapWindow requests. Separating the state pushing is necessary
   to handle fullscreen windows (and workspace switches) in a smooth fashion:
   The newly visible windows should be visible before the old windows are
   unmapped.

+x_push_node+ works in the following steps:

1. Update the window’s +WM_NAME+, if changed (the +WM_NAME+ is set on i3
   containers mainly for debugging purposes).
2. Reparents a child window into the i3 container if the container was created
   for a specific managed window.
3. If the size/position of the i3 container changed (due to opening a new
   window or switching layouts for example), the window will be reconfigured.
   Also, the pixmap which is used to draw the window decoration/border on is
   reconfigured (pixmaps are size-dependent).
4. Size/position for the child window is adjusted.
5. The i3 container is mapped if it should be visible and was not yet mapped.
   When mapping, +WM_STATE+ is set to +WM_STATE_NORMAL+. Also, the eventmask of
   the child window is updated and the i3 container’s contents are copied from
   the pixmap.
6. +x_push_node+ is called recursively for all children of the current
   container.

+x_push_node_unmaps+ handles the remaining case of an i3 container being
unmapped if it should not be visible anymore. +WM_STATE+ will be set to
+WM_STATE_WITHDRAWN+.


=== Drawing window decorations/borders/backgrounds

+x_draw_decoration+ draws window decorations. It is run for every leaf
container (representing an actual X11 window) and for every non-leaf container
which is in a stacked/tabbed container (because stacked/tabbed containers
display a window decoration for split containers, which consists of a representation
of the child container's names.

Then, parameters are collected to be able to determine whether this decoration
drawing is actually necessary or was already done. This saves a substantial
number of redraws (depending on your workload, but far over 50%).

Assuming that we need to draw this decoration, we start by filling the empty
space around the child window (think of MPlayer with a specific aspect ratio)
in the user-configured client background color.

Afterwards, we draw the appropriate border (in case of border styles "normal"
and "1pixel") and the top bar (in case of border style "normal").

The last step is drawing the window title on the top bar.


/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

== Resizing containers

By clicking and dragging the border of a container, you can resize the whole
column (respectively row) which this container is in. This is necessary to keep
the table layout working and consistent.

The resizing works similarly to the resizing of floating windows or movement of
floating windows:

* A new, invisible window with the size of the root window is created
  (+grabwin+)
* Another window, 2px width and as high as your screen (or vice versa for
  horizontal resizing) is created. Its background color is the border color and
  it is only there to inform the user how big the container will be (it
  creates the impression of dragging the border out of the container).
* The +drag_pointer+ function of +src/floating.c+ is called to grab the pointer
  and enter its own event loop which will pass all events (expose events) but
  motion notify events. This function then calls the specified callback
  (+resize_callback+) which does some boundary checking and moves the helper
  window. As soon as the mouse button is released, this loop will be
  terminated.
* The new width_factor for each involved column (respectively row) will be
  calculated.

/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

== User commands (parser-specs/commands.spec)

In the configuration file and when using i3 interactively (with +i3-msg+, for
example), you use commands to make i3 do things, like focus a different window,
set a window to fullscreen, and so on. An example command is +floating enable+,
which enables floating mode for the currently focused window. See the
appropriate section in the link:userguide.html[User’s Guide] for a reference of
all commands.

In earlier versions of i3, interpreting these commands was done using lex and
yacc, but experience has shown that lex and yacc are not well suited for our
command language. Therefore, starting from version 4.2, we use a custom parser
for user commands and the configuration file.
The input specification for this parser can be found in the file
+parser-specs/*.spec+. Should you happen to use Vim as an editor, use
:source parser-specs/highlighting.vim to get syntax highlighting for this file
(highlighting files for other editors are welcome).

.Excerpt from commands.spec
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
state INITIAL:
  '[' -> call cmd_criteria_init(); CRITERIA
  'move' -> MOVE
  'exec' -> EXEC
  'workspace' -> WORKSPACE
  'exit' -> call cmd_exit()
  'restart' -> call cmd_restart()
  'reload' -> call cmd_reload()
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

The input specification is written in an extremely simple format. The
specification is then converted into C code by the Perl script
generate-commands-parser.pl (the output file names begin with GENERATED and the
files are stored in the +include+ directory). The parser implementation
+src/commands_parser.c+ includes the generated C code at compile-time.

The above excerpt from commands.spec illustrates nearly all features of our
specification format: You describe different states and what can happen within
each state. State names are all-caps; the state in the above excerpt is called
INITIAL. A list of tokens and their actions (separated by an ASCII arrow)
follows. In the excerpt, all tokens are literals, that is, simple text strings
which will be compared with the input. An action is either the name of a state
in which the parser will transition into, or the keyword 'call', followed by
the name of a function (and optionally a state).

=== Example: The WORKSPACE state

Let’s have a look at the WORKSPACE state, which is a good example of all
features. This is its definition:

.WORKSPACE state (commands.spec)
----------------------------------------------------------------
# workspace next|prev|next_on_output|prev_on_output
# workspace back_and_forth
# workspace <name>
# workspace number <number>
state WORKSPACE:
  direction = 'next_on_output', 'prev_on_output', 'next', 'prev'
      -> call cmd_workspace($direction)
  'back_and_forth'
      -> call cmd_workspace_back_and_forth()
  'number'
      -> WORKSPACE_NUMBER
  workspace = string
      -> call cmd_workspace_name($workspace)
----------------------------------------------------------------

As you can see from the commands, there are multiple different valid variants
of the workspace command:

workspace <direction>::
	The word 'workspace' can be followed by any of the tokens 'next',
	'prev', 'next_on_output' or 'prev_on_output'. This command will
	switch to the next or previous workspace (optionally on the same
	output). +
	There is one function called +cmd_workspace+, which is defined
	in +src/commands.c+. It will handle this kind of command. To know which
	direction was specified, the direction token is stored on the stack
	with the name "direction", which is what the "direction = " means in
	the beginning. +

NOTE: Note that you can specify multiple literals in the same line. This has
	exactly the same effect as if you specified +direction =
	'next_on_output' -> call cmd_workspace($direction)+ and so forth. +

NOTE: Also note that the order of literals is important here: If 'next' were
	ordered before 'next_on_output', then 'next_on_output' would never
	match.

workspace back_and_forth::
	This is a very simple case: When the literal 'back_and_forth' is found
	in the input, the function +cmd_workspace_back_and_forth+ will be
	called without parameters and the parser will return to the INITIAL
	state (since no other state was specified).
workspace <name>::
	In this case, the workspace command is followed by an arbitrary string,
	possibly in quotes, for example "workspace 3" or "workspace bleh". +
	This is the first time that the token is actually not a literal (not in
	single quotes), but just called string. Other possible tokens are word
	(the same as string, but stops matching at a whitespace) and end
	(matches the end of the input).
workspace number <number>::
        The workspace command has to be followed by the keyword +number+. It
        then transitions into the state +WORKSPACE_NUMBER+, where the actual
        parameter will be read.

=== Introducing a new command

The following steps have to be taken in order to properly introduce a new
command (or possibly extend an existing command):

1. Define a function beginning with +cmd_+ in the file +src/commands.c+. Copy
   the prototype of an existing function.
2. After adding a comment on what the function does, copy the comment and
   function definition to +include/commands.h+. Make the comment in the header
   file use double asterisks to make doxygen pick it up.
3. Write a test case (or extend an existing test case) for your feature, see
   link:testsuite.html[i3 testsuite]. For now, it is sufficient to simply call
   your command in all the various possible ways.
4. Extend the parser specification in +parser-specs/commands.spec+. Run the
   testsuite and see if your new function gets called with the appropriate
   arguments for the appropriate input.
5. Actually implement the feature.
6. Document the feature in the link:userguide.html[User’s Guide].

== Moving containers

The movement code is pretty delicate. You need to consider all cases before
making any changes or before being able to fully understand how it works.

=== Case 1: Moving inside the same container

The reference layout for this case is a single workspace in horizontal
orientation with two containers on it. Focus is on the left container (1).


[width="15%",cols="^,^"]
|========
| 1 | 2
|========

When moving the left window to the right (command +move right+), tree_move will
look for a container with horizontal orientation and finds the parent of the
left container, that is, the workspace. Afterwards, it runs the code branch
commented with "the easy case": it calls TAILQ_NEXT to get the container right
of the current one and swaps both containers.

=== Case 2: Move a container into a split container

The reference layout for this case is a horizontal workspace with two
containers. The right container is a v-split with two containers. Focus is on
the left container (1).

[width="15%",cols="^,^"]
|========
1.2+^.^| 1 | 2
| 3
|========

When moving to the right (command +move right+), i3 will work like in case 1
("the easy case"). However, as the right container is not a leaf container, but
a v-split, the left container (1) will be inserted at the right position (below
2, assuming that 2 is focused inside the v-split) by calling +insert_con_into+.

+insert_con_into+ detaches the container from its parent and inserts it
before/after the given target container. Afterwards, the on_remove_child
callback is called on the old parent container which will then be closed, if
empty.

Afterwards, +con_focus+ will be called to fix the focus stack and the tree will
be flattened.

=== Case 3: Moving to non-existent top/bottom

Like in case 1, the reference layout for this case is a single workspace in
horizontal orientation with two containers on it. Focus is on the left
container:

[width="15%",cols="^,^"]
|========
| 1 | 2
|========

This time however, the command is +move up+ or +move down+. tree_move will look
for a container with vertical orientation. As it will not find any,
+same_orientation+ is NULL and therefore i3 will perform a forced orientation
change on the workspace by creating a new h-split container, moving the
workspace contents into it and then changing the workspace orientation to
vertical. Now it will again search for parent containers with vertical
orientation and it will find the workspace.

This time, the easy case code path will not be run as we are not moving inside
the same container. Instead, +insert_con_into+ will be called with the focused
container and the container above/below the current one (on the level of
+same_orientation+).

Now, +con_focus+ will be called to fix the focus stack and the tree will be
flattened.

=== Case 4: Moving to existent top/bottom

The reference layout for this case is a vertical workspace with two containers.
The bottom one is a h-split containing two containers (1 and 2). Focus is on
the bottom left container (1).

[width="15%",cols="^,^"]
|========
2+| 3
| 1 | 2
|========

This case is very much like case 3, only this time the forced workspace
orientation change does not need to be performed because the workspace already
is in vertical orientation.

=== Case 5: Moving in one-child h-split

The reference layout for this case is a horizontal workspace with two
containers having a v-split on the left side with a one-child h-split on the
bottom. Focus is on the bottom left container (2(h)):

[width="15%",cols="^,^"]
|========
| 1 1.2+^.^| 3
| 2(h)
|========

In this case, +same_orientation+ will be set to the h-split container around
the focused container. However, when trying the easy case, the next/previous
container +swap+ will be NULL. Therefore, i3 will search again for a
+same_orientation+ container, this time starting from the parent of the h-split
container.

After determining a new +same_orientation+ container (if it is NULL, the
orientation will be force-changed), this case is equivalent to case 2 or case
4.


=== Case 6: Floating containers

The reference layout for this case is a horizontal workspace with two
containers plus one floating h-split container. Focus is on the floating
container.

TODO: nice illustration. table not possible?

When moving up/down, the container needs to leave the floating container and it
needs to be placed on the workspace (at workspace level). This is accomplished
by calling the function +attach_to_workspace+.

== Click handling

Without much ado, here is the list of cases which need to be considered:

* click to focus (tiling + floating) and raise (floating)
* click to focus/raise when in stacked/tabbed mode
* floating_modifier + left mouse button to drag a floating con
* floating_modifier + right mouse button to resize a floating con
* click on decoration in a floating con to either initiate a resize (if there
  is more than one child in the floating con) or to drag the
  floating con (if it’s the one at the top).
* click on border in a floating con to resize the floating con
* floating_modifier + right mouse button to resize a tiling con
* click on border/decoration to resize a tiling con

== Gotchas

* Forgetting to call +xcb_flush(conn);+ after sending a request. This usually
  leads to code which looks like it works fine but which does not work under
  certain conditions.

* Forgetting to call +floating_fix_coordinates(con, old_rect, new_rect)+ after
  moving workspaces across outputs. Coordinates for floating containers are
  not relative to workspace boundaries, so you must correct their coordinates
  or those containers will show up in the wrong workspace or not at all.

== Thought experiments

In this section, we collect thought experiments, so that we don’t forget our
thoughts about specific topics. They are not necessary to get into hacking i3,
but if you are interested in one of the topics they cover, you should read them
before asking us why things are the way they are or why we don’t implement
things.

=== Using cgroups per workspace

cgroups (control groups) are a linux-only feature which provides the ability to
group multiple processes. For each group, you can individually set resource
limits, like allowed memory usage. Furthermore, and more importantly for our
purposes, they serve as a namespace, a label which you can attach to processes
and their children.

One interesting use for cgroups is having one cgroup per workspace (or
container, doesn’t really matter). That way, you could set different priorities
and have a workspace for important stuff (say, writing a LaTeX document or
programming) and a workspace for unimportant background stuff (say,
JDownloader). Both tasks can obviously consume a lot of I/O resources, but in
this example it doesn’t really matter if JDownloader unpacks the download a
minute earlier or not. However, your compiler should work as fast as possible.
Having one cgroup per workspace, you would assign more resources to the
programming workspace.

Another interesting feature is that an inherent problem of the workspace
concept could be solved by using cgroups: When starting an application on
workspace 1, then switching to workspace 2, you will get the application’s
window(s) on workspace 2 instead of the one you started it on. This is because
the window manager does not have any mapping between the process it starts (or
gets started in any way) and the window(s) which appear.

Imagine for example using dmenu: The user starts dmenu by pressing Mod+d, dmenu
gets started with PID 3390. The user then decides to launch Firefox, which
takes a long time. So they enter firefox into dmenu and press enter. Firefox
gets started with PID 4001. When it finally finishes loading, it creates an X11
window and uses MapWindow to make it visible. This is the first time i3
actually gets in touch with Firefox. It decides to map the window, but it has
no way of knowing that this window (even though it has the _NET_WM_PID property
set to 4001) belongs to the dmenu the user started before.

How do cgroups help with this? Well, when pressing Mod+d to launch dmenu, i3
would create a new cgroup, let’s call it i3-3390-1. It launches dmenu in that
cgroup, which gets PID 3390. As before, the user enters firefox and Firefox
gets launched with PID 4001. This time, though, the Firefox process with PID
4001 is *also* member of the cgroup i3-3390-1 (because fork()ing in a cgroup
retains the cgroup property). Therefore, when mapping the window, i3 can look
up in which cgroup the process is and can establish a mapping between the
workspace and the window.

There are multiple problems with this approach:

. Every application has to properly set +_NET_WM_PID+. This is acceptable and
  patches can be written for the few applications which don’t set the hint yet.
. It does only work on Linux, since cgroups are a Linux-only feature. Again,
  this is acceptable.
. The main problem is that some applications create X11 windows completely
  independent of UNIX processes. An example for this is Chromium (or
  gnome-terminal), which, when being started a second time, communicates with
  the first process and lets the first process open a new window. Therefore, if
  you have a Chromium window on workspace 2 and you are currently working on
  workspace 3, starting +chromium+ does not lead to the desired result (the
  window will open on workspace 2).

Therefore, my conclusion is that the only proper way of fixing the "window gets
opened on the wrong workspace" problem is in the application itself. Most
modern applications support freedesktop startup-notifications  which can be
used for this.
